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    | • | 
    Semantic
    Interoperability is enabled through: 
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    Establishing
    base semantic representation via ontologies (class 
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    level) and their
    knowledge bases (instance level) 
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    – | 
    Defining
    semantic mappings & transformations among ontologies 
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    (and treating
    these mappings as individual theories just like 
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    ontologies) 
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    Defining
    algorithms that can determine semantic similarity and 
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    employing their
    output in a semantic mapping facility that uses 
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    ontologies 
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    The
    use of ontologies & semantic mapping software can 
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    reduce
    the loss of semantics (meaning) in information 
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    exchange
    among heterogeneous applications,
    such as: 
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    Web Services 
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    E-Commerce,
    E-Business 
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    Enterprise
    architectures, infrastructures, and applications 
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    Complex C4ISR
    systems-of-systems 
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    Integrated
    Intelligence analysis 
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